Laminated glass knowledge summary

Preface

With the continuous development and progress of industrial technology, in order to adapt to the continuous changes in the middle layer of the glass, the pursuit of higher energy efficiency, laminated glass production process has also developed, vacuum lamination and rapid fusion of RF laminating manufacturing technology is also emerging come out.

The Development of Laminated Glass

The main composition of the laminated glass is through the autoclave, intermittent or continuous vacuum lamination, and on-site casting and rapid fusion of RF laminating technology to complete. Laminated glass change the traditional glass and crisp and hard features, widely used in the car windshield glass, transparent windows, business hall and other isolation intermittent. Laminated glass to avoid the traditional glass in the case of broken pieces of injury, the occurrence of cuts on the incident. The middle of the glass interlayer, can make the glass in the case of damage to the polymerization of glass fragments, thereby reducing the glass fragments of the human body damage. This laminated glass can also be used as an attack against shocks and penetrants. Which has the characteristics of safety, sound insulation and solar energy control. So there are green product features.

Laminated glass in the early, mainly the use of nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate as a sandwich. Since 1938, the laminated glass was used by DUPONT for automotive windshields, and it was only a large number of applications, but also opened the laminated glass industry prelude. Since the invention, the development of 2009, China's laminated glass production has been as high as 42 million square meters.

Manufacture of laminated glass

PVB in the use of laminated glass wider, which is the first application in the industrial glass interlayer resin. Glass sandwich manufacturing process, autoclave lamination work, is the manufacture of this layer of the process, which is laminated glass manufacturing process in the key parts. The application of this material, until today in the industry which still occupy an important position. Laminated glass manufacturing process are: pvb film selection, preservation, film room environment, glass cleanliness, film mode, preheating pre-pressure, high pressure kettle glass operation technology.

In these production process, the process of laminated glass, the film technology, glass preheating pre-pressure process, the operation of the glass in the autoclave these several production process, is the production process more difficult process, this Several aspects of the analysis and research, is to ensure that the quality of laminated glass key link. So this part of the production process in-depth discussion.

1, with the film operation process

When the glass is operated on the sheet, first select the PVB film suitable for the width of the glass, and keep the film clean, avoid direct contact with the film and glass, the PVB film naturally flat, do not stretch, align the glass inside and outside You can see whether the reserved signs coincide, and then cut off the excess film, in the cutting operation, to keep the blade tilt, in the edge of the film set aside 0.5mm ~ 2mm film, in order to To avoid film shrinkage caused by shrinkage phenomenon. After the film and glass sheet, set the vacuum rubber band, and check the seal, in the glass by the tension to be evenly, and then the cold glass to make the middle of the film to remove the air clean, and cold pumping time should not be low At 5min.

2, glass preheating preloading process

Glass folder good PVB film, after taking the air, the co-glass preheating pre-pressure operation. There are three types of preheating preloading equipment, one is preheating preload box, because of its simple equipment and small investment, low energy consumption, so many manufacturers are favored. However, the shortcomings of preheating the preload box is inefficient and can not adapt to the industrial production. The transmission type vertical and horizontal preheating pre-presses are more efficient in production and are suitable for large-scale production. The difference between the two is to put the glass to complete the preheating pre-pressure work, the glass placed in a way, one is put, one is flat. The vertical preheating pre-press has little effect on the curvature of the glass when the air is evacuated to the glass. The horizontal preheating hot press on the glass for air evacuation operation, because the glass flat, in its own gravity and vacuum pressure under the influence of the glass curvature of the impact. So the horizontal preheating pre-press in the production of large-scale glass is more appropriate.

3, glass in the autoclave operation process

The production process in the autoclave is the last step in the production of laminated glass. After preheating the preheating of the glass, in order to make PVB film and glass sheet better bonded together, but also through the constant temperature and high pressure treatment, can be used. The constant temperature and high pressure treatment is to be carried out in the autoclave. First, the semi-finished products of the laminated glass, which are bonded together, are isolated and placed on the special platform of the autoclave, and then firmly closed, Kettle pressurized inflatable, when the kettle pressure reached about 0.75MPa, stop the kettle inflated. This is due to the fact that the edges of the laminated glass are not bonded firmly, so that the space in the middle of the glass interlayer overflows under pressure without causing air to enter the interlayer from the edge. When the temperature inside the kettle reaches about 130 ° C, the heating is stopped immediately and the temperature is maintained. At this point the laminated glass has been able to bond, the secondary pressure inside the kettle, the glass has reached the bonding temperature, so the pressure will not make air into the sandwich, to be pressure to 1.2MPa, stop pressing And maintain the pressure balance, continued after 1h ~ 1.5h later, to reduce the temperature inside the kettle to 50 ℃, the beginning of the tank exhaust pressure, until the air is completely discharged, open the door to launch glass. Laminated glass production at this point, as well as finishing work, that is, on a glass-by-piece inspection, for qualified products, pruning. Cut off the surrounding film; on the bubble and degumming of the glass were selected to repair, re-into the reactor pressurized heating.

With the continuous improvement of production technology, most of the autoclave has the function of automatic control, in practice, according to the characteristics of laminated glass and the actual situation, processing.

The quality of glass after the film often appear

As the laminated glass is for the glass sheet for multi-layer vacuum hot pressing to complete the production process, so after the glass sheet, there will be the phenomenon of burst, there are poor glass curvature of the situation, there are edges mixed bubbles, crimping or Mixed with inclusions and other phenomena. These phenomena have seriously affected the quality of laminated glass. The reasons for the formation of these bursts are such that there are several:

1, after the glass molding, the middle of the laminated glass layer, due to the role of internal stress, resulting in glass blew;

2, the glass intermediate adhesive layer of the internal stress, mainly due to the outer glass and glass in the film, the curvature of the placement does not match, resulting in two pieces of glass in the process of forming a mezzanine problem caused by blew;

3, glass in the hot bending process, if the cooling rate too fast, will make the glass gradient caused by new stress, resulting in self-exposure;

4, if the autoclave cooling too fast will cause the phenomenon of glass burst;

5, the glass after the hot bending molding, then in order to promote the glass forming and increase the external force, glass stress uneven glass will also produce a burst;

6, in the glass into the autoclave, if the glass directly contact with metal, or the edge of the clip is too large, are easy to make glass burst;

7, after the film burst the phenomenon of glass, in the installation of the external force under the action will occur. For example, the curvature of the glass does not match the curvature of the mounting position, so that the glass is subjected to external force during installation, and bursting may occur after a period of use.

Prevention of Sandwich Glass Exposure Measures and Energy Efficiency Analysis

In order to effectively prevent the phenomenon of self-exposure of laminated glass, and from the energy efficiency point of view, to prevent the phenomenon of sandwich glass self-exposure, and the timely existence of bubbles and air glass recycling, that can save resources and reduce costs Expenditure maximizes energy efficiency. In the prevention of the phenomenon of self-exposure of laminated glass, from the following aspects to improve:

1, radian does not match:

It is recommended that the outer glass be marked with a marker pen in the area corresponding to the outer sheet after the bobbin, so that the markings of the two pieces of glass are different. In the process of the glass sheet to refer to this mark with the film, to avoid the phenomenon of glass caused by blew phenomenon.

2, edge degumming phenomenon:

In the process of packaging and transportation of glass, to use plastic sheeting, the use of special laminated glass edge to prevent the phenomenon of plastic lesions, which prevent the degumming caused by the better effect of exposure.

3, glue bubble phenomenon:

First of all, pay attention to custody film, Kaifeng film for 24 hours to control the temperature and humidity, the temperature is stored at 18 ℃ -25 ℃, the temperature is maintained at about 20% -30% is appropriate.

Conclusion

Laminated glass production process, mainly through the pressure to the PVB film folder to the middle of the glass, play to avoid the glass fragments wounding, reinforcement and prevent attacks and so on. This kind of laminated glass is initially used in the windshield of the automobile. With the continuous progress of the manufacturing process, the use of the laminated glass is becoming more and more extensive, and its production process is also improving. Preloading preheating machine development, so that the preheating of laminated glass pre-pressure process has been further improved, the industrialization of the road continue to develop. This is the application of laminated glass has brought a broad space for development, due to the large consumption of laminated glass energy characteristics, so in the production, in the refinement, in the processing process prone to self-exposure phenomenon, to strictly control, and the generation of bubbles or Quality, but off the product of the implementation of recycling, in order to facilitate resource conservation, so that energy efficiency to maximize.

Talking about the Technological Characteristics of Three Different Transmittances of Float Glass

As we all know, ordinary white glass is mainly used in the field of construction, but also the main product of many float lines, its product characteristics for the glass transmission rate of 67% to 89% (its value with the glass thickness changes) It is a high-quality, multi-functional high-grade new glass, the transmission rate is generally more than 91.5%, while the ultra-transparent glass is a high-quality glass, Iron content is generally controlled below 150ppm; the high white glass mentioned in this article is a kind of between the white and ultra-white glass varieties, the transmission rate is generally controlled between 89.5% ~ 91.5%, iron content control at 200 ~ 400ppm, and its use is to be processed into handicrafts glass to meet the requirements of the market decoration.

 1, three different transmittance glass process characteristics

In this case,The process control of different transmittance glass varieties is determined by its process characteristics. The following are the contrast (%) of the white glass, high white glass and ultra-clear float glass:In this case,The difference between the three types of glasses with different transmittance is the difference of the content of Fe2O3, and the difference is big. The content of Fe2O3 in the clear float glass is about 8 times that of the ultra-clear float glass, and the high clear float glass is 2 to 3 times . Therefore, in the three different transmittance glass species switch to each other, mainly taking into account the changes in the content of Fe2O3 affect the glass through the heat, different glass permeability will affect the glass melting process of heat transfer, the whole furnace The temperature gradient and the vertical gradient of the molten glass change, which will affect the reflux of the molten glass in the whole pool furnace, which will affect the glass quality. Therefore, the switch from the white glass to high white glass, high white glass from the switch to ultra-white glass, according to the different glass permeability through the development of appropriate process systems and process control process, and in the course of the amendment to be melted Quality comparison of the glass to meet the needs of users.

2, three different transmittance glass process control

In this case,In the actual production process, from the low transmittance of the glass species to the higher glass transition rate of the species switch, the glass will gradually increase the heat permeability; according to the foregoing, high clear glass, ultra-white glass thermal conductivity The rate will be higher, the glass liquid in the vertical direction of the furnace heat transfer faster, so the bottom of the temperature will rise. However, due to high white glass, ultra-white glass has a high transmittance, the melting furnace glass liquid radiation coefficient will reduce, which determines the fuel combustion heat released by the glass liquid heat absorption will be reduced to a certain extent, The heat radiated to the body of the furnace and the heat taken away with the flue gas will increase, resulting in the higher heat permeability of the glass, the more difficult the melting, the higher the energy consumption per unit of glass; The higher the glass through the heat better, the production will appear at the bottom of the glass at high temperature, resulting in a higher average temperature of the glass, but the surface temperature of the lower glass, glass liquid in the horizontal direction of convection Strength increases, molding circulation in the clear zone residence time is short, most likely there will be clarification of poor glass. At the same time for the three different transmittance of the glass, the depth of the vertical depth of the vertical direction of the temperature gradient and viscosity of the order of the general white glass, high white glass, ultra-white glass, glass temperature difference between the upper and lower convection The corresponding weakening, the difficulty of bubble discharge will have a greater degree of difference. Because the temperature gradient is large, the discharge of bubbles is the easiest. Due to the heat permeability, the temperature gradient is small and the bubble discharge is more difficult. The bubble discharge of the high-white glass In the white and white high white glass, so high white glass, ultra-white glass production is the first to solve the problem of clarification.In this case,Therefore, in the actual production process, the above three different transmittance glass between the switch, the process characteristics according to their needs to develop appropriate process control system, in order to improve the quality of the glass, The following is the process from the production of white products to switch to high white products or ultra-white products, process control process: (1) broken glass: the current float in the production of general white glass production rate is generally high, so back Glass is less, the general glass production line of white glass maintained at about 10%, but in the high white glass, ultra-white glass switch, due to differences in heat absorption and clarification, in order to produce high-quality glass, so To raise the broken glass to a certain extent, broken glass generally increased to 20 to 30%, is conducive to enhancing the molten glass melting and clarification process. (2) adjustment of the melting process heat load: the production of high white, ultra-clear glass is mainly to solve the problem of clarification of the glass, it is necessary to reduce 1 #, 2 #, 3 # small heat load, increase clarification loop 4 # 5 #, 6 # small furnace heat load, but at the end of the small heat load of the furnace do not increase too much, otherwise the bottom of the flow of molten glass has been liquid glass absorption of micro-bubbles easily rise to the surface flow to the second Bubbles, but also likely to exacerbate the erosion of the bottom of the refractory material, resulting in precipitation of refractory foam. (3) Furnace-related auxiliary equipment adjustment: First, from the white product to high white, ultra-white product switching, the need to increase the deep Jiaobo pressure deep into the liquid glass, glass clarification to enhance the hot liquid Second, try not to use the Kabo stirrer, can effectively prevent the secondary bubble generation probability; Third, the appropriate adjustment of the bubbler to enhance the melting furnace, to enhance the temperature of the bubble, The convection of the molten glass in the vertical direction of the cell furnace accelerates the discharge of bubbles. (4) optimization of the furnace process: First, the small furnace flame optimization, including the flame of the rigidity, angle, etc .; Second, Glauber's salt content, the proportion of carbon powder with the adjustment; Third, the furnace redox atmosphere Adjust the glass; Fourth, the thermal expansion coefficient of glass to adapt to the adjustment; Fifth, material layer thickness adjustment.

3, three different varieties of glass transmission rate of production switching cases

In this case,According to the needs of the market situation, a certain ultra-white float line needs to produce white, white and ultra-white varieties of transparent glass in a certain period. The following is to change the material from white glass to high white glass. clear glass furnace process changes:In this case,From the general white material is gradually switching to high white material, and finally switched to ultra-white material, the bottom temperature increased by 30 ~ 50 ℃, which is due to the existence of the difference between the three glass permeability and the formation of; With the glass through Different heat, targeted to the small furnace heat load was adjusted, the purpose is to improve the clarity of glass liquid capacity to reduce the probability of occurrence of bubbles. It can be seen from Figure 1, the production of high transmittance glass species, the number of micro-bubbles per unit area showed an upward trend, this is because the upper and lower temperature difference of glass is relatively small, the bubble discharge than ordinary float glass As difficult. As the temperature of the molten glass below the forming flow is increasing, the microbubbles absorbed by the molten glass are re-released into the molten glass under the action of thermochemistry, and the viscosity of the low-iron glass liquid is low , The micro-bubbles can easily rise to the surface flow, thereby forming bubbles. Therefore, to improve the production of high-white, ultra-white glass quality, it must be based on its process characteristics, to develop a reasonable process control parameters.In this case,White, high white, ultra-white three different transmittance glass production, the higher the transmittance of the molten glass in the horizontal direction of the convection the greater the vertical direction, the temperature gradient, the smaller the viscosity, and Ordinary float glass production compared to the melting circuit of the heat load should be appropriately reduced, and clarify the loop of the heat load should be appropriately increased, but at the end of the small furnace can not be too high, and to ensure its strong oxidizing atmosphere, so as to Effective control of the probability of air bubbles to produce high-quality glass to meet the high-end building products.

Buy sliding glass doors should pay attention to what

  With the increase in the demand for home improvement, a large number of stores emerge in an endless stream, many brands, no more, some stores in order to profit regardless of the feelings of the owners, with some shoddy products profitability, where some sliding doors and glass to buy some attention matter.

 

Glass of common sense

Choose home improvement needs of the glass, do not blindly let the decoration company arranged, do not think that this piece of glass used in home improvement is not much, do not pay attention! Glass itself has a certain degree of risk, even if the glass does not touch the poor And some decorative companies in order to save costs, even use some no-name glass to replace! At that time do not see the situation, but the future will be out of some status! . Should pay attention!

 Some of the requirements when selecting glass

So when the decoration, the glass or decorative glass companies need to provide qualified products (formal glass manufacturers are qualified products, the contrary is not a bad quality) must choose the choice of regular brand glass! Spend not too much, But the heart at ease! .

Classification of glass

Now that the choice of some of the glass when the need to pay attention to the place. Glass grade 3 kinds: recycled glass, lattice glass, float glass. First of all, poor quality recycled glass, as the name suggests, is to recover the broken glass melting system, the surface of small waves (oblique 45 & deg; angle to see) the surface of small bubbles, fragile. ，Grid glass, itself has impurities, the color dark, with the transparent, but much darker than the float glass float glass than crisp, no softness. Float glass, from the quartz stone extraction, glass transparency, color hair green, have a certain degree of flexibility, can do a certain degree of bending than thelattice glass, recycled glass bearing capacity. Popular point of view, when a certain degree of intensity on the implementation of a piece of glass, when the glass has a certain bending force after unloading part of the endurance to strong.
Process glass of the chat
With the progress of the times, a variety of home improvement style, craft glass appeared. With the increase in the style of craft glass, more designers like the process of glasson their own style.
The need for more and more process glass, some manufacturers put a small hand to the process of glass this piece of the emerging industry. For the sake of benefit, natural raw materials are replaced by recycled glass, so that some distinctive features of the reclaimed glass are covered by the pattern. But do not understand this a landlord will be attracted to low prices, at the same time, most of the decoration company in the case of contractors will choose this product, after all, the price is too low. But this process is the most obvious shortcomings of the glass pattern is not delicate workmanship, much worse than the regular manufacturers. There are a lot of blemishes. 

The regular manufacturers of glass such as shandongyujing glass, not only with the standard float glass as raw materials, but also in the process is very particular about the workmanship is very strict. The overall pattern transmittance is good. Pattern bumps feel full.
The choice of sliding doors
The same reason, a lot of poor quality sliding glass sliding glass certainly use low-cost, and then the choice of frame, will use the material is very poor, the thickness of small, low-quality border, then cheap, but will soon be problems. Such as the pulley sliding slow, large sound class, frame deformation, will be a problem. And when the problem, you will find that when the choice of how low sliding door is the wrong idea.

 

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