New structure of curtain wall
2.1 grid system
Usually high-rise building curtain wall supporting structure using orthogonal beam-column metal frame system. With the diversification of architectural functions and architectural art requirements, new forms of construction are more applied. Three-way oblique grid system is widely used. The hexagon is one of the geometries that can fill the plane, so hexagonal grid steel is also commonly used in curtain walls.
2.2 Rigid frame system
By the reinforced concrete or steel components rigid connection into a plane frame or space frame can be used as a curtain wall support structure system.
2.3 cable structure
Cable structure is a pre-tensioned cable system, the glass curtain wall block the smallest, welcomed by the architect. Cable tension to the role of the main structure, the main structure design should be pre-considered. The cable is working in a large deflection, usually controlling the deflection of the span of 1/40 ~ 1/60. Beijing New Poly Building height of 160m, cable net crystal face, 90mX70m, is the world's largest single-wire cable curtain wall, two main cable from 150 15.2mm strand composed of tension up to 39000kN.
3 various panel materials widely used
As the glass at the same time with light transmission, high strength, light weight, durability of the four major characteristics of other building materials can not be replaced. So the 400m above the high-rise building curtain wall panel using glass, this trend will not change in the short term, but at the same time the metal plate has also been applied to meet the different architectural style and architectural art requirements. 400m below the high-rise buildings, in addition to a large number of glass curtain wall, metal and stone curtain wall also get more applications. Metal plate is also one of the commonly used materials. Kuala Lumpur oil double tower high 480m, the curtain wall in the complex non-translucent part of the use of Tianjin Iron and Steel Building, the steel curtain wall fully reflects the characteristics of steel materials, different specifications of the hexagonal window on the wall naturally formed between the light and dark stripe. Curtain wall steel and the outer structure of the main body into one, the entire wall is both load bearing, but also for the envelope. Stainless steel plates are often used in super high-rise buildings. 1930 New York Rockefeller Building built, granite curtain wall in one fell swoop break 300m height. Since then built a large number of more than 300m stone curtain wall project, built in 1931 the New York Empire State Building stone curtain wall up to 381m, ranking the world's highest has been 80 years. Kuwait ALHAMBRO building, mainly for the glass curtain wall, both sides of the limestone curtain wall, up to 412m. Broke the Empire State Building 381m stone curtain wall height records. The previous earthquakes, especially the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, show that the stone curtain walls designed and constructed in accordance with the norms have been tested by earthquakes and have good seismic performance. Japan's Yokohama Milestone Tower (298m) and Tokyo Metropolitan Government (260m) have experienced the 1995 Hanshin Earthquake, and on March 11, 2011, it was subjected to the East Japan Earthquake, but its granite composite curtain wall did not suffer any damage. China Taiwan Kaohsiung East Timor Building 378m, the use of granite curtain wall, also experienced the September 21, 1999 earthquake test. China's current granite curtain wall is the Guangzhou Rising Building, the building height of 313m, stone curtain wall height of 280m, the use of aluminum alloy beams (Figure 22), followed by 260m high Guangzhou Bank Building, the use of welded steel structure support (Figure 23) The Beijing Beihai Beibu Bay on the 1st of the stone curtain wall simulation of Guangxi landscape, contour ups and downs, with a cave. Hotel curtain wall up to 200m. Dubai Sailing Hotel up to 321 meters, the use of tension film as the outer wall, translucent outer protective material to make indoor light soft,
4 double ventilated curtain wall and photovoltaic curtain wall
Double-layer ventilation curtain wall has been applied in high-rise buildings. 632m high Shanghai center with a large spacing between the two glass curtain wall, outside the curtain wall hanging from the steel pipe hanging in the horizontal steel structure. Nagoya Station in Japan is a spiral outside the glass curtain wall, the use of internal ventilation system.
Guangzhou Pearl River City, 303 meters high, at the same time with double ventilation curtain wall, photovoltaic lighting roof, photovoltaic sun visor and wind power generation device, is a typical green building. The facade is divided into three sections, and the space between the sections is fitted with two sets of axial wind turbines. Inside and outside the curtain wall between the space for the internal circulation of the hot air, the air from the overhead floor out, through the hot channel into the ceiling of the return air pipe, and then back to the overhead floor, so endless cycle, greatly improve the indoor work environment. Pearl River gable wall of the level of the sun visor are photovoltaic glass, the top part of the arch is also installed PV modules.
Guangzhou tower glass curtain wall of the highest part (440 meters to 450 meters) for the photovoltaic curtain wall, which is the world's highest photovoltaic curtain wall. As the PV module is arranged 360 degrees, and the curtain wall is located within the steel column, block more, in order to meet the power requirements under low light, using a thin film power generation components.
At present, the highest building in the Middle East with photovoltaic curtain wall is the UAE Abu Dhabi CMA Tower, 76 floors, 385m, in the tower roof and Chaoyang wall installed PV modules, the annual generating capacity of 300,000 kWh.
5 Summary
After three decades of rapid development, China has become the world's largest curtain wall production of large curtain wall. At present, we are trying to improve the technical level, strengthen the capability of independent innovation, promote the application of new technology, and strive to develop the curtain wall as a curtain wall power. Now, high-rise building curtain wall of various new technologies, China has a place, in the project has been widely used and the technical level is rapidly improving. Summed up the experience of the existing, up to the contents of the specification, will be the future development of China's curtain wall technology to promote the role.
2017年4月27日星期四
LOW-E glass and how to correctly identify
Glass is an important building material, with the building decoration requirements continue to improve, the use of glass in the construction industry is also increasing. However, today's people in the selection of the glass doors and windows of the building, in addition to considering its aesthetic and appearance characteristics, pay more attention to its heat control, cooling costs and internal sunshine projection comfort and other issues. This makes the coating glass family upstart - LAN-E glass stand out, become the focus of attention.
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Low-E glass, also known as low-radiation glass, is a glass surface coated with multi-layer metal or other compounds composed of film products. The coating layer has a high permeability to visible light and high reflectivity to far infrared, making it with ordinary glass and traditional architectural coated glass compared to the following obvious advantages:
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Excellent thermal performance
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Heat loss of doors and windows is a major part of building energy consumption, accounting for more than 50% of building energy consumption. The study data show that the inner surface of the glass heat transfer to the main, accounting for 58%, which means to change the performance of glass to reduce the loss of heat, the most effective way is to suppress the inner surface of the radiation. Ordinary float glass emissivity of up to 0.84, when coated with a layer of silver-based low-radiation film, the emissivity can be reduced to 0.1 below. Therefore, the use of Low-E glass building windows and doors, can greatly reduce the radiation caused by the indoor heat transfer to the outside, to achieve the desired energy saving effect.
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Another significant benefit from the reduction in indoor heat loss is environmental protection. Cold season, due to building heating caused by CO2, SO2 and other harmful gas emissions is an important source of pollution. If the use of Low-E glass, due to the reduction of heat loss, can significantly reduce the consumption of fuel consumption, thereby reducing harmful gas emissions.
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Good optical performance
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Low-E glass has a high transmittance of sunlight in the visible light, up to 80%, while the reflectivity is very low, which makes it compared with the traditional coated glass, optical performance greatly improved. From the outdoor viewing, the appearance of more transparent, clear, that is, to ensure a good building lighting, but also to avoid the previous large-scale glass curtain wall, hollow glass doors and windows light reflection caused by light pollution, creating a more soft and comfortable light environment.
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Coated glass according to the different characteristics of the product can be divided into the following categories: heat reflective glass, low-emission glass (Low-E), conductive film glass.
What is the privacy of the glass?
Many people see the name of the privacy of the glass when the heart will silently os: "What is this ghost?" In fact, the rear side of the privacy of glass, refers to the glass on both sides of the glass with a special coating, so that all the rear side of the window are dark , To improve the privacy of the car at the same time, but also to avoid the sun's exposure. Allowing passengers inside the car to have a more secure, more comfortable interior environment.
This configuration is more common in high-end cars and high-end commercial vehicles, but with the decline in costs, more and more people have also gradually applied this practical configuration. Xiaobian today to come with you about universal
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Does the privacy glass require a film?
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Many people have such a misunderstanding that the privacy of the glass is posted by a darker film. And in fact not, the privacy of the glass is the vehicle on the factory, not later posted. So you can save some foil money Oh!
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Are there any differences between privacy glass and foil glass?
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Xiao Bian said: not achieve the same effect, the privacy of the glass from the inside to see the transparent effect is very good (a little sense of one-way glass), and if the color of the film if the dark and dark as dark, then from the inside out See the effect is very poor, especially at night! The The
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What is the use of privacy glass?
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In fact, the key use is to allow some owners have a private space, outside the car can not see the car inside, but in the car but can see the car. At the same time can block UV.
Glass special screen printing process
1. Glass products etched silk screen
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For a long time, the etching of glass products is in the glass surface of the hot wax layer and other reinforcement materials, as a resist layer, and then on the coating with a needle, knife and other engraved pattern pattern, exposing the glass surface, and then This site is subject to hydrofluoric acid for corrosion. This process continues to have manufacturers applications, but its processing methods time-consuming, laborious, inefficient.
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Silk screen etching process, so that the etching of glass products become simple, time-saving, effort. Glass etching silk screen, there are two kinds of hot and cold printed method.
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Thermoplastic etching silk screen, is the paraffin, asphalt, stearic acid and other prepared by the adhesive, add a small amount of anti-corrosion powder modulation into corrosion, through the hot screen version, according to the design drawings, To the glass surface, forming a resist film. The part of the film that exposes the glass on the resist film, that is, the pattern that needs to be etched. Etching is carried out using chlorofluoric acid, and after etching, the resist is printed on the glass with water.
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Glass screen printing etching, can also be used cold printing method. Anti-corrosion printing can be used special asphalt paint plus anti-corrosion powder, can also buy commercially available anti-ink. After the printing is completed, until the resist film is completely dry, can be hydrofluoric acid corrosion.
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Hot prints are suitable for two consecutive, quadrilateral pattern pattern etch, cold prints to adapt to individual pattern etch.
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2. Glass Binghua silk screen
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Binghua commonly known as orange peel, it is actually very small low melting point glass particles. This small glass particles, lead composition is high, color and colorless two, color hue with red, yellow, blue, green, white, etc., can also be prepared in the middle tone.
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Silk screen ice decoration, elegant and generous, mostly used for architectural glass decoration and art glass decoration, such as high glassware, lamps and other decoration.
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Silk screen glass ice decoration, is the first in the glass surface layer of colored or colorless glass flux layer (flux), and then the ice glass particles scattered on this layer of glass flux layer, through 500 ℃ ~ 590 ℃ sintering, the glass The surface of the flux layer and the ice layer of particles are eutectic and produce relief effect. If the silk is printed on the color of the flux, and micro-ice is transparent, through the high temperature eutectic, then the glass ice pattern pattern of the molten layer fade, and in the glass surface to form a colored, uplift transparent embossed pattern.
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3. Glass of sandblasting silk screen
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Frosting is in the glass on the product, adhere to a certain size of the area of glass glaze powder, after 580 ℃ ~ 600 ℃ high temperature baking, the glass glaze coating melted on the glass surface, and showed a different color with the glass Of a decorative method. Adhesive glass glaze powder, can be used to brush pen, can also be used roller roll.
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Through the silk screen processing, you can get the masonry surface empty pattern. The method is: on the surface of glass products, silk screen by a layer of resistance to the formation of patterns. To be printed on the pattern pattern air-dried, and then Frosting processing. And then after high temperature baking, no pattern pattern at the surface of the frosted surface will be melted in the glass surface, and silk screen pattern due to the role of resistance, the mask on the sand surface can not be deposited in the glass surface. After baking the transparent floor empty pattern through the translucent sand surface and show out to form a special decorative effect.
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Frosting silk screen resistance flux, by the iron oxide, talc, clay and other components, grinding with a ball mill, fineness of 350 mesh, silk screen before the use of adhesive blending.
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4. Silk screen ion exchange coloring of glass
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Through the silver and glass in the sodium ion exchange, and then to restore, into a metallic gel, you can get colored glass. In the transparent glass plate with silver ions containing the screen ink only to color part of the printing, firing and washing, only the printing part from yellow to brown. Firing conditions are different, color and concentration will change. Since there is no coloring part and the coloring part does not reflect the difference, so there is no unnatural sense, just as the glass melt coloring the same. The coloring of the text on the glass and the coloring of the markings and the heat treatment of the rear window of the car, as well as the brownness presented by the degree of experimentation with the experimental experiment, is obtained in this way.
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This decorative process of silk screen printing ink (printed matter) by the silver carbonate, copper sulfate (burning powder), ferric oxide, talc and other components, with a small amount of zinc powder as a catalyst.
Summer car glass sterilization method
It is near the summer, the rain increases, the car's windshield will not appear fog, but the car driving in the cold season, the windshield will always appear on the fog, many drivers like to use a towel to directly rub, so in fact Not much use, no longer still have a fog!
Today teach you a few ways to see what kind of defogging the most affordable and convenient way.
The most original way: wipe with a dry cloth or paper towel
This scene must have many people have seen: the old drivers are standing with a towel, while the red light to stop when the hard glass. The disadvantage of this method is more strenuous, wiping after the glass will leave traces, and soon will fog. If the side of the car while rubbing easily lead to accidents.
Spraying anti-fog agent and other preventive methods
Will be a little mist spray sprayed on the car window, and then wipe clean, you can remove the glass on the dirt, mark. While wiping the glass, a thin layer of transparent protective film is formed on the glass, which can effectively prevent the formation of the mist layer by condensation of water vapor on the glass. Can replace the anti-fog agent and detergent, soapy water, glycerol, alcohol or salt water waiting for drying and then use suede or soft dry cloth to wipe excess fiber, it can within a few days to ensure that the glass will not be On the fog.
Air conditioning refrigeration defogging
There are two reasons for the fogging of the summer windows: low temperature and high humidity. The use of air conditioning cooling effect defogging, reduce air humidity, you can remove the window fog. Summer rain, especially many people take the car, in the case of not open air conditioning, the front windshield will soon fog, and even seriously block the traffic line of sight. In this case the window defogging, the owner can open the air conditioning forward windshield blowing cold, the use of air conditioning dehumidification function, you can remove the fog on the front windshield.
If you use defogger deodorant, the owner can do their own hand-made defogging agent!
Self-made defogging method:
If the home is not equipped with special defogging agent, the owner can use the detergent to wash the water with "defogging agent", the ratio of detergent and water 1:10, and then evenly applied to the glass in the car sponge, etc. Dry with a towel after wiping clean, under normal circumstances can last two to three weeks. This anti-fog effect is also very obvious, simple operation, and cost savings. Washing water, soapy water, hand sanitizer, water elves, although there are some effects, but the effect is not as good as detergent
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